NIOS Class 12 Tourism PYQ Oct 2022

NIOS Tourism Class 12 Paper 2022 October

Section – A

1. What was the status of tourism in modern period before Independence ? 2

Ans: The rail network in India increased the possibility of travelling in comfort. Soon, the movement of international tourists was enhanced with the introduction of air travel in the country. The roads and waterways have been in operation since ancient times. All forms of transport systems have contributed immensely to the tourism industry.

2. What is ‘Carnatic’ Music ? 2

Ans: The rhythmic, intensive and structured music from South India is known as Carnatic music. The ragas are classified into melakarthas, and they use fixed compositions. Carnatic raga elaborations are generally much faster in tempo and shorter. In addition, accompanists have a much larger role in Carnatic concerts.

3. Mention any four features of ‘Kamakhya’ temple. 1⁄2×4=2

Ans: 

• Kamakhya is an important goddess who evolved in the Himalayan hills. 
• She is closely identified with Kali and Maha Tripura Sundari. 
• Her name means “renowned goddess of desire.” 
• She resides at the presently rebuilt Kamakhya Temple and is worshipped in the form of a stone yoni (female generative organ) symbolic of the goddess. 
• The temple is primary amongst the 51 Shakti Peethas related to the myth of Sati. 
• It is one of the most important Shakti temples and a Hindu pilgrimage site in the world.

4. Mention any four emerging dimensions in tourism. 1⁄2×4=2

Ans: Emerging dimensions in Indian tourism are :

• Health tourism: Health tourism in India provides world-class treatment at low cost, which includes Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Naturopathy and allopathy. 
• Spiritual tourism attracts tourists from different parts of the world to various religious places such as temples, mosques, monasteries and churches in different parts of the country.
• Adventure tourism and nature tourism attract tourists for adventure activities that take place in areas of higher altitude.
• Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions (MICE) tourism attracts business that visit for business purposes. 
• Rural tourism involves the interaction of tourists with local people and their cultural life.
• Sustainable tourism meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It also includes the minimum impact of tourist activities on the environment.

5. Mention any four stages of group development. 2

Ans: Stages of group development are,

• Forming
• Storming
• Norming
• Perfoeming
• Adjourning

6. Explain the variety and unity of Indian Culture. 2

Ans: 

• A large number of languages and dialects are spoken in our country, which has led to the growth of a great variety of literature. 
• People belonging to eight great religions of the world co-exist here in a harmonious manner. 
• Numerous styles of architecture, sculpture and painting have developed here. 
• Different styles of music and dance, both folk and classical, exist in the country. 
• So also are numerous festivals and customs. 
• This wide variety has led to the making of Indian culture, both composite and rich and beautiful at the same time.

7. Explain any two skills which are useful for a manager. 2

Ans:

• Technical skills include knowledge of and proficiency in certain specialised fields such as engineering, computers, finance, manufacturing, etc. Vocational and on-the-job training programmes largely do a good job in developing this skill. 
• Human or interpersonal skills refer to the ability to work with, understand and motivate other people; the way the individual perceives his superiors, equals, and subordinates, and the way he behaves with them. Some of these human relations skills include communicating, motivating, delegating and negotiating skills. 

8. Explain the concept of ‘leadership’. 2

Ans: Leadership is defined as the process of influencing others to get the job done more effectively over a sustained period of time. Leadership involves influence, and it is concerned with the way the leader affects his or her followers. Both leaders and followers are involved in the leadership process. The leaders take initiatives and link themselves with stakeholders.

9. How did trade play important role in the growth of tourism ? 2

Ans: Trade led to the interaction of people and knowing the greater area in detail, which further led to tourism activities. With the surplus production of agricultural products and the trade of spices and silk, promoted tourism in these trading zones. Due to trade, the movement of people spread to longer distances.

10. A great musician served in the court of Raja Ram Chand of Baghelkhand (1555-1592). Explain his contribution in the field of music. 4

Ans: Tansen served in the court of Raja Ram Chand of Baghelkhand (1555-1592 C.E.). 

• He was born in a Brahmin family of Gwalior. 
• He was the disciple of the great musician, Haridas. 
• Tansen’s merit in the field of music is recorded in the historical writings. 
• Tansen is considered to be the composer of Dhrupad form of music.
• In memory of Tansen, every year in Gwalior, a famous Sangeet Sammelan (music festival) is held. Gwalior Gharana, also known as Seniya Gharana, is one of the oldest Hindustani Classical music families, trace their connections with Tansen. 

11. Explain any four negative economic impacts of tourism. 1×4=4

Ans: 

• In all-inclusive package tours, almost two-thirds of the expenditure goes to the airline, hotels and other international companies and not to local businesses or workers.
• In all-inclusive package tours, tourists generally remain for their entire stay at the same cruise ship or resort, which provides everything they need. There is no option left for making a profit for the local economy.
• In poor and developing destinations, the money is used to develop the infrastructure for tourism by the government. But the profit is exported to other developed countries when overseas investors finance resorts and hotels.
• More and more demand for basic services and goods by tourists leads to a price hike in the destination nation. It negatively affects local people whose income does not increase in that proportion.

12. Explain any four features of Hawrah Bridge. 1×4=4

Ans: 

• Howrah Bridge is located over the Hooghly River. 
• It connects the city of Howrah to Kolkata. 
• It stands on two 270-foot-high pillars and was constructed without using any nuts and bolts. 
• This bridge is an important symbol of Kolkata. 
• It is probably the busiest bridge in the world.

13. Who was the founder of Buddhism? How he became a saint? Explain. 1+3=4

Ans: Gautama Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. 

• It is believed that one day, when he saw an old man, a sick man and a dead man, he could not bear the sight of such human suffering. 
• He decided to leave home in search of truth and salvation, and one night, he quietly slipped out of the house to become an ascetic. 
• He talked to many learned persons but did not succeed in his search for truth. 
• Then, he meditated for a long time under a pipal tree in Bodh Gaya. Finally, he understood the cause of suffering. He became Buddha, the Enlightened One.

14. Why is Western Ghats known as one of the world’s top ten ‘Biodiversity Hotspots’? Explain. 4

Ans: 

• Western Ghats include many national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserve and reserve forests. Many of them are designated as heritage sites. 
• The hill stations and heritage sites are in good demand for tourists. 
• There are many tunnels in the way, providing beautiful, picturesque scenic beauty with numerous waterfalls. 
• They provide connectivity through roads and railways. They play an important role in promoting tourism by reducing the time, distance, and money of the tourists.

15. Explain any four operative functions of Human Resource Management (HRM). 1×4=4

Ans: 

• Procurement: This function is mainly concerned with determining the manpower requirements of an organisation, identifying the sources of manpower supply and making them available to it for final selection. After selection, the HRM Department arranges for the placement of the selected employees in the specific posts.
• Development: Development pertains to the training, retraining and education of the selected employees to enable them to perform their duties effectively, their morale building, effective communication skills, promotion, career development suggestion systems, vocational counselling, and appraising employee performance and potential for further development. 
• Compensation: Performance of the compensation function involves developing a philosophy of what wages should be, developing theories as to the source of pay roll, determining the company’s basic wage policy, relating compensation to an individual jobs, selecting and finalising pay scales for different category of staff, arriving at individual differentials in pay, establishing methods of wage payment and determining the type and extent of fringe benefits.
• Integration: With the employees procured, developed and reasonably compensated, the HR Manager brings about an integration of human resources with the organisation to develop a healthy workplace culture.

16. “The Mughals encouraged Indian Cultural and Architectural Growth.” Analyse the statement.

Ans: The coming of the Mughals brought a new era in architecture. The synthesis of style, which began earlier, reached its zenith during this time. 

• The architecture of the Mughal style started during Akbar’s rule. 
• Humayun’s Tomb at Delhi, the magnificent building, used red stone. It has a main gateway, and the tomb is placed in the midst of a garden. 
• Akbar built forts at Agra and Fatehpur Sikri. 
• The Bulund Darwaza reflects the grandeur of the mighty Mughal Empire. 
• Jehangir built Akbar’s Mausoleum at Sikandra near Agra. 
• He built the beautiful tomb of Itimad-ud-daula, which was built entirely of marble. 
• Shahjahan used marble extensively with decorative design in inlay work (called pietra duro), and beautiful arches and minarets were the features of his buildings. 
• The Red Fort and Jama Masjid of Delhi, and above all, the Taj Mahal, are some of the buildings built by Shah Jahan.
• A unique architectural development in the Mughal period was the beautiful gardens developed around the tombs and other buildings. 
• The Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir and Lahore were developed by Jahangir and Shah Jahan, respectively.

17. Describe any six different types of services associated with tourism. 1×6=6

Ans: 

• Accommodation: Accommodation is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the tourism industry. It plays a key role, and it is a very basic component in industry. The demand for hotels exists almost throughout the year. Accommodations for tourists are categorised on the basis of different methods, such as star rating, size, location, types of guests, alternative arrangements, etc.
• Food and Beverage: An increase in the number of visiting tourists has led to an increase in demand for food and beverages, which has led to a rise in their demand.
• Travel trade is concerned with the travel of tourists. It includes the selling/booking of reservations for travelling, accommodation, tours, transport, food and beverage, etc. 
• Transport contributes significantly to fulfilling the social and economic development of the area concerned. It overcomes the physical constraints of distance and meets the human needs for movement over space. It provides a link between the origin of tourism and its destination.
• Attractions for tourists are meant to increase the desirability of visiting the destination. Hence, it includes historic and heritage sites, museums, art galleries, botanical gardens, amusement parks, aquariums, zoos, water parks, cultural attractions, beaches, qualitative, cheap medical facilities, traditional health rejuvenating centres, etc., are some of the attractions for the tourists.
• Events and Conferences: Many academic, professional, business, or government events, meetings, and conferences are organised. Conferences, seminars, meetings, trade shows, exhibitions, and conventions are big business for many communities. Because of these types of events, local people earn a living by providing and selling tourist services and products.

18. Explain positive impact of Socio-cultural of Tourism. 1×6=6

Ans: There are positive social-cultural impacts of tourism, particularly at the destination places. Some of them are:

• Tourism provides an appropriate opportunity to get acquainted with people of many cultural groups from national and international origins.
• Tourism has a component of education. Through education, tourism promotes understanding between people of two or more cultural groups. It offers cultural exchange between hosts and guests.
• Because of cultural exchange, people develop mutual sympathy and understanding about each other, and thus it reduces their prejudices.
• Finally, sympathy and understanding could lead to a decrease in tension between the two communities/nations. In this way, peace and good relationships would prevail.
• Tourism supports the development of community facilities and services. These facilities and services are also used by local people, thus leading to better living conditions.
• Tourism creates awareness about the importance and value of natural, cultural, archaeological or historical sites. It stimulates a feeling of pride in local and national heritage. This leads to their consciousness.
• Tourists are interested in buying many arts and crafts of a particular area/nation as a souvenir to take back with them. Monetary gain to the residents through the sale of souvenirs helps keep these arts and crafts alive forever.
• Festivals organised in certain parts of the year are very enthusiastically observed by tourists. It encourages people to keep the local culture alive, even if the local youth are well educated and have a broader outlook and understanding.

19. Explain the features of St. Thomas Mount and Basilica of Bom Jesus Christians heritage sites in India.

Ans: 

• The St. Thomas Mount was built by the Portuguese. The stone cross here, believed to have been carved by St Thomas and similar to those found in Kerala, where his seven shrines were built, is now part of the ornate. Tradition has it that the cross first publicly bled on August 18, 1558, during Mass and that it bled periodically ever after till 1704. It is a very important religious tourist site for Christians.
• The Basilica of Bom Jesus houses the sacred relics of St. Francis Xavier, patron saint of Goa, who died while on a sea voyage to China on December 2, 1552. The following year, while transferring his remains to Goa in accordance with his wishes, it was found that the saint’s body was as fresh as on the day it was buried. This miraculous phenomenon continues to attract the devout of all lands, and an exposition or public viewing of his body every ten years attracts lakhs of pilgrims from across the World.

20. “Tourism industry has flourished since the mid of the 20th century in the world.” Support the statement.

Ans: Tourism industry has flourished since the mid of the 20th century. 

• Before that, the activities of tourism were confined to only a limited number of pockets of the world. 
• These pockets were concentrated in the developed countries. 
• After 1950, the growth in the number of pockets of the world of tourism was observed outside the developed world as well. 
• New destinations grew, and tourists started visiting those areas also. 
• Apart from that, the growing economy of the less developed countries attracted tourists from those countries as well. 
• This led to the growing areas for tourism as well as the increasing number of tourists all over the world.

21. How are Dussehra and Durga puja festivals become tourist’s attraction? Explain with examples.

Ans: 

• Take, for example, the popular Dussehra festival of our country, every year, this festival is celebrated with the popular “Ram Leela” on the stage. 
• It is watched by lakhs of people in Delhi. 
• Many performances are held every year, which are sponsored by big industrial houses. 
• Durga Puja is famous in West Bengal. 
• Because of commercialisation and globalization many Bengalese have shifted to various parts of the countries hence you can come across many Durga Puja Pandals in major centres, where worship of the Goddess Durga. 
• People visit these pandals during the festival time, which attracts tourists. 

22. “Tourism is very dynamic in nature.” Examine the statement. 6

Ans: Tourism plays an important role in the social and economic development of the country. Tourism is very dynamic in nature. 

• It changes in spatial and temporal contexts. 
• The growth of tourism in any area or region depends on several reasons. 
• Growth of tourism may be positive or negative. 
• Positive growth takes place when there is an increase in the number of tourists. 
• Negative growth occurs when there is a decrease in the number of tourists compared to the past years. 
• There are several factors, like socio – economic, political, natural, epidemics, etc., which influence tourism influx.

23. What is price? How do business organisations fix prices for their products? Explain with examples. 3+3=6

Ans: Price signifies the value of a product. The price of something is the amount of money that a customer must pay to buy it.

• In penetration pricing, an organisation keeps a low price to increase sales and market share for its products. Once the organisation gains a market share, it then increases the price of its products. For example, if a mobile phone company wants to offer a new mobile phone in the market, it will offer the mobile phone at a low cost to increase sales.
• The organisation sets an initial high price and then slowly lowers the price to make the product available to a wider market. The objective is to skim profits from the market layer by layer. For example, XYZ company products (like mobile phones and laptops) make customers feel that XYZ products are superior to those of its competitors.
• Psychological Pricing is used to give an impression of a low price to the customers so that they are convinced to purchase the products. For example, if a product like a wrist watch costs Rs 1000, it is priced at 999 to give the impression of a low price.
• In Promotional pricing, companies temporarily price their products below cost to increase short-run sales. For example, Indian Airlines offers a round trip from Delhi to Mumbai for just Rs 2000, provided the interested tourists travel within a week’s time.
• Discount pricing is a strategy used to increase sales by offering a discount on the price of a product. For example, a company offers winter clearance sales when the winter season is about to end or if a customer purchases goods for rupees 1000, he is given 5% discount.

SECTION – B

OPTION – I (Travel and Tour Operation Business)

24. Which are the two types of travel agencies? 1×2=2

Ans: There are two types of travel agencies, viz., retail travel agency and wholesale travel agency.

• A retail travel agency acts like any other retailer, selling tourist products directly to tourists on behalf of the supplier, and gets a commission for selling.
• A wholesale travel agency assembles various components of services to form packages.

25. Distinguish between ‘Inbound Tour Operators’ and ‘Outbound Tour Operators’. 2

Ans: 

• Inbound Tour Operators: Inbound tour operators are those operators who handle inbound foreign tourists in the host country, provide them with various services on their arrival and departure, such as transfer, accommodation, transportation, sightseeing, entertainment, currency, insurance services, etc. They are also called incoming tour operators as they specifically operate for handling incoming foreign tourists or guests.
• Outbound Tour Operators: They operate package tours to foreign countries/overseas from a host country. These operators are specialised in promoting and designing multi-national tours. The outbound tour operator sells a package tour to an individual or a group of people from their own country to another country or several countries for a specific pre-decided period and destinations.

26. Mention the steps in sequential order which are takes in the formulation of tour packages.

Ans: The sequence of steps followed in the formulation of tour packages:

• Market research involves the study of the economy of the country to be visited, foreign exchange rate, demand for the product, consumer profile, competitors in the market, studying the product components like sightseeing, transport, baggage allowance, ground service etc., sales status, channels of distribution, and promotional measures.
• Prepare an itinerary
• Identify and decide on the mode of travel, hotels, destinations, dates, capacity, and others.
• Sign contracts with principal service providers. 
• Systematic costing of the package, which includes the cost to be incurred towards all elements of a package tour are summed up, and then the package is given a mark-up price before a price tag is decided upon.
• Both print and electronic media are widely used, but brochures are an integral part of it which play a major role. 
• Marketing of the product
• Documentation is the last step in the formulation process, which includes a copy of the client’s itinerary, tour vouchers, travel and other entry tickets, luggage labels, and other useful information for the clients.

27. How are Public and Private Tourism Organisations an integral part of travel industry? Explain. 1⁄2×8=4

Ans: Public and private tourism organisations are an integral part of the travel industry. Hence, it is in the interest of the travel agencies and tour operators to coordinate with them for their own benefit. In India, the Ministry of Tourism (MoT) is the supreme policymaker, and the Indian Association of Tour Operators (IATO) and Travel Agents Association of India (TAAI) are major tourism organisations. Coordination with these organisations can be for sharing data, memberships, policy suggestions, participation in travel marts, etc.

OPTION – II (Hospitality Management)

24. What is the role of front office in a hotel ? 2

Ans: The front office is always the key point for processing reservations, registering guests, settling accounts, and checking out guests. It also handles the distribution of guest room keys, mail, messages, and provides other information to guests. These functions require diplomacy as well as situation handling skills. Many different types of guests come to a hotel, and handling them requires a special type of professionalism.

25. Explain the procedure for individual reservation in a hotel. 2

Ans: 

• The guest places the reservation request to the hotel through telephone, letter or personally.
• The reservation assistant asks about the arrival and departure dates as well as the type and number of rooms.
• The reservation assistant matches the reservation request of the guest with the room availability with the help of a computerised booking system.
• If the request does not match with room availability, other dates or types of rooms are offered to the guest.
• In case the request matches the room availability, the processing of the reservation is done by finding out other information from the guest. 
• Finally, the reservation assistant gives a confirmation number to the guests, which is proof of the confirmation by the hotel.

26. Describe the role of the sanitation department in a hotel. 4

Ans: 

Sanitation can be defined as “the study and use of practical measures for the preservation of public health”. Alternatively, it can also be defined as “the application of measures designed to protect public health.”

Sanitation is essential to promote health. It includes overall cleanliness as well as treatment and proper disposal of waste. The housekeeping department of the hotel is responsible for the overall sanitation work.

27. Classify hotels on the basis of management and explain their specialities. 2+2=4

Ans: 

• Franchise: A franchise is basically a business agreement between two hotels. One hotel, known as the franchisor, enters into a franchising agreement with another hotel, which is called the franchisee. According to the agreement franchisee pays a franchising fee to the franchisor for use of its business name, access to management expertise, and various other benefits.
• Management Contract: These hotels have a management contract, which is signed between an individual property owner and a hotel management company to manage the hotel. In return, the hotel management company gets a management fee (also called commission), which is generally 1%-8% of the total income. In such cases, the hotel management company has total control over the standards and quality of the hotel. This benefits both the company and the owner.

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