Chapter 27. Peace and Security Textbook Solutions

NIOS Social Science Class 10 Chapter 27 Solutions

INTEXT QUESTIONS 27.1

1. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Peace really does not mean a state of mind or a condition with complete absence of ………………………..

Ans: disturbances or conflicts

(b) Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the existence of ………………………..

Ans: healthy interpersonal or inter-group or inter-regional or inter-state or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the establishment of equality, and a working political order that serves the true interests of all.

(c) Security means a secure condition or feeling untroubled by …………… It also means the safety of ……….

Ans: by danger or fear, an individual, an institution, a region, a nation or the world.

(d) In its most basic sense, security implies freedom from ………………………..

Ans: extremely dangerous threats

2. Why is peace and security considered so important?

Ans: Because it is a condition where individuals, institutions, regions, nations and the world move ahead without any threat. In this condition, regions or nations are generally more stable domestically, likely to be democratically governed and respectful to human rights. Conflict not only generates threat and fear, but also hampers economic, social, or political advancement.

3. What are the three basic differences between traditional and new or non-traditional concepts of peace and security?

Ans: 

• (i) The new or non-traditional notion of peace and security is much broader and goes beyond military threats to include a wide range of dangers and threats to human existence.
• (ii) It includes not only regions and nations, but also individuals or communities and the human kind at large.
• (iii) According to the new understanding, peace and security is to be seen as the precondition to socio-economic development and to the maintenance of human dignity.
• (iv) The new notion also includes freedom of individuals from hunger, freedom from wants, diseases and epidemics, environmental degradation, exploitation and sub-human treatment.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 27.2

1. Why did India need to evolve and adopt a specific approach for both international and internal peace and security?

Ans: There is a mutual relationship between democracy and development, and peace and security. In the absence of peace and security, democracy cannot function, and development cannot take place. Citizens can participate in the process of decision-making at different levels only when peace prevails. Peace is still more essential for development in various areas. On the other hand, peace cannot be achieved in the absence of democracy and development. Democracy is better placed for eliminating conditions that generate public dissatisfaction. Development also promotes peace. It is through development that nations can ensure social and economic progress for the people and improve their quality of life.

2. What has been the contribution of freedom movement in the evolution of an approach to peace and security?

Ans: The ideas and views about the approach to ensure peace and security began during the freedom movement. The leadership clearly realised that the democratic system after independence can be functional only when the condition of peace and security is maintained. The consensus that emerged for adopting socialistic approach to socio-economic development during the freedom struggle was aimed at creating conditions that promote security against internal threats to peace.

3. What is the approach for peace and security mentioned in the Indian Constitution?

Ans: The Constitution mentions peace and security in the Chapter on Directive Principles of State Policy. The federal system and the establishment of rural and urban local governments are aimed at eliminating a threat to internal security. At the international level, the Constitution adopted a policy aimed at promoting international peace and security. It has provisions for the support to all efforts being made at the global or regional level for peace, equitable economic development, promotion of human rights and elimination of terrorism.

4. What according to you would be the most effective methods for ensuring both internal and international peace and security?

Ans: The democratic institutions and processes must be strengthened. Efforts should continue to be made to accelerate the pace of socio-economic development in all parts of the country. People must be encouraged to participate in democratic processes and development activities. India must support all international efforts to maintain peace and security.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 27.3

1. Fill in the blank:

(a) India has been experiencing various types of violent activities under the garb of (i) ……………….. (ii) ……………….. (iii) ………………..

Ans: 

(b) Terrorism is a criminal act to ……………….. on civilians and to ……………….. generally for a political or ideological purpose.

Ans: inflict dramatic and deadly injury , create an atmosphere of fear

(c) The insurgency in India is of two types: (i) movements with ……………….. and (ii) movements for ………………..

Ans: (i) political motives (ii) social and economic justice

2. What are the main strategies being used by the governments to deal with insurgency?

Ans: The Government of India has been supporting efforts of all nations to fight terrorism and seeking their support whenever any terrorist attack takes place. As regards the insurgency activities aimed at political objectives, the Government of India is trying to tackle them diplomatically. India has entered into a treaty with Myanmar and, very recently, Bangladesh to restrain the help and support coming to insurgent movements from those countries. It is also trying to mount international pressure on Pakistan to do the same. With respect to the Naxalite movement, it was realised that it is a more serious issue, having deep socio-economic dimensions. Efforts are being made to accelerate the pace of development in those areas and to bring the youth into the mainstream.

3. What steps, according to you, the governments should take to solve the problem of insurgency?

Ans: The government should make all efforts for the all-around development of all regions of the country. All must have equal opportunity for education and employment. The democratic institutions and processes must be strengthened to provide equal opportunities to participate. Efforts needed at the international level are supporting the institutions and processes that are engaged in maintaining international peace and security. All our efforts are to be made to contain terrorism.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 27.4

1. What are the basic objectives of Indian Foreign Policy?

Ans: 

• (i) Maintenance of freedom in policy formulation;
• (ii) promotion of international peace and security;
• (iii) good relationships with other nations and especially with our neighbours;
• (iv) support to the United Nations;
• (v) disarmament; opposition to colonialism, imperialism and racism;
• (vi) cooperation among developing nations.

2. Why did India adopt the policy of non-alignment?

Ans: Non-alignment aimed at maintaining national independence in foreign affairs by not joining any of the two military alliances formed by the USA and the Soviet Union. Non-alignment was neither neutrality nor non-involvement nor isolationism. The policy of non-alignment provided an opportunity to developing nations to protect their sovereignty while also retaining their freedom of action during the tension ridden cold war period. The Non-Aligned Movement is providing all member states, regardless of size and importance, an opportunity to participate in global decision-making and world politics.

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. India was ……………………… of non-aligned movement.

Ans: prime architect

2. India has always viewed United Nations (UN) as a vehicle for ……………………… in world politics.

Ans: peace and security and for peaceful change

3. India has been extending all out support to UN in its ………………………and other endeavours like ………………………

Ans: peacekeeping operations, disarmament

4. India has a strong case for becoming a ……………………… in the Security Council.

Ans: permanent member

TERMINAL EXERCISES

1. What is the meaning of the term peace and security? How is the traditional notion of the term different from the new or non-traditional notion?

Ans: Peace and security are conditions where individuals, institutions, regions, nations and the world move ahead without any threat. 

• In the traditional notion, it has been focused for ages on the danger of military or armed conflicts or threats. And the source of the danger has been a nation threatening to take or being suspected of taking military action against the other. This endangers the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the nation, and also the lives of its people.
• But the new or non-traditional notion of peace and security is much broader and goes beyond military threats to include a wide range of dangers and threats to human existence. This conceptualisation includes not only regions and nations, but also individuals or communities and humankind at large. This notion is primarily addressed to individuals.

2. Do you agree that there is a mutual relationship between peace and security on one hand and democracy and development on the other? Justify your answer.

Ans: Yes, there is a mutual relationship between democracy and development, and peace and security. In the absence of peace and security, democracy cannot function, and development cannot take place. It is necessary to have peace for the holding of elections. The democratic institutions cannot function if there is no peace. On the other hand, peace cannot be achieved in the absence of democracy and development. It has been observed that democracies, by and large, do not go to war. Development also promotes peace. It is through development that nations can ensure social and economic progress for the people and improve

their quality of life. This ensures that people do not suffer from a sense of deprivation, which leads them to indulge in protests and violent activities. When development activities continue in all the countries of a region, every country ensures that the peace is not disturbed, and development will suffer.

3. What contribution did the national freedom movement make to evolve the strategies and methods to deal with threats to peace and security?

Ans: The ideas and views about the approach to ensure peace and security began during the freedom movement. 

• The leadership clearly realised that the democratic system after independence can be functional only when the condition of peace and security is maintained.
• The development process can not be accelerated unless peace prevails. This is why the leadership of the freedom movement expressed that independent India would make all-out efforts to maintain and promote international peace and security.
• They extended support to all the anti-colonial and anti-racist movements in the world and championed the cause of democracy.
• The consensus that emerged for adopting a socialistic approach to socio-economic development, laying emphasis on social justice and secularism, was aimed at creating conditions that promote security against internal threats to peace.

4. What are the major threats to peace and security in India? What are the major strategies and methods that India has been employing?

Ans: The major threats to peace and security in India are terrorism, insurgency and naxalite movement. The Government of India has been employing strategies and methods to deal with terrorism, insurgency and the Naxalite movement. 

• Terrorism: It has been supporting efforts of all nations to fight terrorism and seeking their support whenever any terrorist attack takes place. Diplomatically, it is trying to put international pressure on Pakistan and other neighbouring countries to extend their active cooperation in ensuring that the support to such terrorist groups does not come from them.
• Insurgency: As regards the insurgency activities aimed at political objectives, the Government of India is trying to tackle it diplomatically. India has entered into a treaty with Myanmar and, very recently, Bangladesh to restrain the help and support coming to insurgent movements from those countries. It is also trying to mount international pressure on Pakistan to do the same.
• Naxalite movement: In respect of the Naxalite movement in the initial phase, the State governments treated it as a law and order problem. But it was realised that it is a more serious issue, having deep socio-economic dimensions. Efforts are being made to accelerate the pace of development in those areas and to bring the youth into the mainstream.

5. Examine the Indian Foreign Policy in the context of peace and security.

Ans: Right from independence the basic objectives of Indian foreign policy have been (i) maintenance of freedom in policy formulation; (ii) promotion of international peace and security; (iii) good relationships with other nations and especially with our neighbours; (iv) support to the United Nations; (v) disarmament; opposition to colonialism, imperialism and racism; and (vi) cooperation among developing nations. To attain these objectives, the foreign policy that India has been pursuing consistently is known as the policy of non-alignment, though there have been changes in it to keep it relevant in the context of changes on the international scene. India has always viewed the United Nations (UN) as a vehicle for peace and security and for peaceful change in world politics. India has advocated an active role for the UN in the development efforts of the developing countries.

6. How is the policy of non-alignment relevant in the context of the changed nature of international politics?

Ans: Even in the present scenario, NAM has a significant role to play. 

• First, with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the world faces a threat from a unipolar world. The NAM can act as a check against US dominance.
• Secondly, the developed (North) and developing (South) worlds are divided over several economic issues. The NAM remains a very relevant forum for developing countries to engage with the developed nations in a productive dialogue.
• Moreover, the NAM can prove to be a powerful instrument for South-South cooperation. Such a thing is essential if the developing countries are to increase their bargaining power vis-à-vis the developed world.
• Finally, the developing countries united under the banner of NAM have to fight for the reform of the UN and change it according to the requirements of the 21st century.

7. How has India been extending its support to the United Nations? Why should India be made a permanent member of the Security Council?

Ans: India has always viewed the United Nations (UN) as a vehicle for peace and security and for peaceful change in world politics. India has advocated an active role for the UN in the development efforts of the developing countries. It has pleaded for a common united front of these countries in the UN. It believes that the non-aligned world, by virtue of its massive number, could play a constructive and meaningful role in the UN by stopping the superpowers from using this world body for their own interests. The Security Council, an important organ of the United Nations, plays a key role in the maintenance of international peace and security; that is why a process of its reforms has been initiated, and there is the possibility of expanding its permanent membership.

Additional Study Materials

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• Chapter 24. National Integration and Secularism Textbook Solutions
• Chapter 25. Socio-economic Development and Empowerment of Disadvantaged Groups Textbook Solutions
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