NIOS Class 12 Tourism Chapter 1 – Evolution of Tourism

NIOS Class 12 Tourism Chapter 1 Solutions

INTEXT QUESTIONS 1.1

1. How did educational institutions in the past help in the growth of tourism?

Ans: Educational institutions attracted many disciples to gain knowledge. They came from different places. They interacted with each other and knew about many areas. This sparked a desire to travel and explore other parts.

2. What is the role of sea voyages in spreading tourism?

Ans: Sea voyages taken up by many adventurers led to the discovery of many areas of the world. In the process, they established trade between the regions. It further led to colonisation and the interest in gaining more profits. Due to all this, tourism also grew.

3. What are the factors influencing tourism in the recent years?

Ans: Many factors have contributed to the growth of tourism in recent years. Important among them are transport facilities, hotels, food and beverage, growing income of the people, leisure holidays, promotion of tourism by the government by giving leave travel concession, discount by tour operators, etc.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 1.2

1. Write a brief note on the evolutionary changes in human life.

Ans: The human being has gone through several evolutionary changes in the past, beginning with a completely nomadic life to the present modern lifestyle.

2. What is nomadism?

Ans: Nomads are people associated with roaming in search of food and pastures along with their pet animals. Important pet animals were dogs and horses. They helped catch the prey for them. Nomads were not permanent settlers. They were mainly of three types: hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads and peripatetic nomads.

3. How did trade initiate the growth of tourism?

Ans: Trade led to the interaction of people and knowing the greater area in detail, which further led to tourism activities.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 1.3

1. How did the silk and spice routes promote tourism?

Ans: Due to the promotion of the silk and spice trade, the interaction of the people increased. They used to travel often, which further led to tourism.

2. When and where did Vasco de Gama land in India?

Ans: In 1498 at Calicut.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 1.4

1. Write a note on Deoband.

Ans: Deoband is one of the ancient cities in the country. The Darul Uloom Deoband is an Islamic school in India where the Deobandi Islamic movement was started. It is located at Deoband, a town in the Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 1866 by prominent Islamic scholars (Ulema), headed by Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi.

2. What is religious and pilgrimage tourism?

Ans: Religious Tourism can be defined as travel with the core motive of experiencing religious forms, which includes many products like art, culture, tradition, and architecture of a certain time. Religious tourism is commonly known as faith tourism. Pilgrimage tourism is the highest level of believers. Pilgrimage may be taken up by any group of people, but truly speaking, pilgrimage is taken up by people in the latter part of life. They are staunch supporters of the faith to which they belong.

Terminal Exercises

1. Write an account of the evolutionary changes in the human lifestyle.

Ans:

Earlier, the nomads travelled only a walkable distance in search of food. Later, as civilisations were formed, people started travelling for trading. Later, travelling for pleasure started with the development of land routes, waterways, and hospitality centres. As the road systems became better, more and more people started travelling not just for trading or business but also for pleasure and later for spa therapy and other reasons.

2. Give a description of the early human migration.

Ans:

In the beginning, people were wandering in search of food and livelihoods and travelled within walkable distances.
After agriculture and the domestication of animals, humans settled to form civilisations. They started trading and travelled short distances just for trading.
As empires grew in Africa, Asia and the Middle East in ancient times, camels, horses and boats, etc. were used to travel long distances.
During the Egyptian Civilisation, hospitality centres were built along major routes and in the cities to accommodate travellers travelling for business and pleasure.
In the Assyrian Empire, the roads were improved.
Later, the Persians used four-wheeled carriages for transportation with improved road systems.
In the Roman Empire, the ruling class observed their own athletic and religious events and travelled to the cities. They travelled to Greece and Egypt and also developed the concept of spa therapy.
Thomas Cook arranged a tour of about 500 members for his local people from Leicester, London Road, on 5th July 1841 to Loughborough on a rail journey.

3. Explain tourism in the early period.

Ans: In the early days, people moved from one place to another in search of food, which was either animals or an area where wild berries could be found. Once humans learnt about agriculture, they started to settle down. But when the land exhausted itself, movement would start again. During the Bronze Age, cities were created, encouraging migration from rural areas to the city areas. Here they moved as artisans, craftsmen or took to other forms of trade.

4. Discuss tourism in the colonial and modern periods.

Ans:

Tourism in Colonial Period

Vasco da Gama reached Calicut, on the western coast of Kerala, in 1498 and paved the way for trade and commerce between India and Europe.
The next to arrive were the Dutch and the British.
The internal conflict among Indian Kingdoms provided opportunities to the foreign traders to gradually establish their political influence.
The influence of the British grew with time, and finally, they took charge of the entire country.
Soon, they developed a network of railways in India, which proved to be a great means of moving from one place to another.

Tourism in Modern Period

The introduction of the rail network in 1853 increased the possibility of travelling in comfort.
Soon, the movement of international tourists was enhanced with the introduction of air travel in the country.
Air transport was born on February 18, 1911, when the first flight was operated from Allahabad to Naini Junction, about 10 km away.
But the real beginning took place on October 15, 1932. On this day, JRD Tata took off on a flight with a single engine from Karachi to Mumbai (then Bombay). He is known as the father of Civil Aviation in India and the founder of Air India.
These two periods are very important in terms of transportation. The roads and waterways have been in operation since ancient times. All forms of transport systems have contributed immensely to the tourism industry.

5. What are the silk and spice routes? Explain their importance in expanding tourism.

Ans:

Silk Route

The Silk Route turned out to be a historical network of interlinking trade routes across the Afro-Eurasian landmass.
It connects eastern, southern and western Asia with the Mediterranean and European countries.
The Silk Route is 4500 Km long, passes through Syria, Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and China.
This route got its name from the lucrative Chinese silk trade, which was carried out along its length.
The trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilisations of China and the Indian subcontinent, Persia, and Arabia.

Spice Route

The spice trade refers to the trade between historic civilisations in Asia, Northeast Africa and Europe.
Spices such as cinnamon, cassia, cardamom, ginger, and turmeric, which were known and used for commerce in the Eastern World, found their way into the Middle East before the beginning of the Christian era.
In the middle of the first millennium, the sea routes to India and Sri Lanka were controlled by the Indians and Ethiopians, but during the medieval period, Muslim traders dominated maritime spice trading routes throughout the Indian Ocean.
The trade was transformed by the European Age of Discovery, during which the spice trade, particularly in black pepper, became an influential activity for European traders.

6. Write the importance of education and its association with tourism.

Ans: The growth of educational institutions in the past has led to growing tourist activities as scholars from China visited and studied at Nalanda and Vikramshila University. With the passage of time movement of people began for specific purposes. Then people moved to far-flung places in search of good education. This gave a tremendous boost to educational tourism. Innumerable schools and educational institutions for research have come up in far-flung areas. In India today, we are seeing the restarting of a very ancient university called Nalanda University in Bihar.

7. How did sea voyages help to know the world, and what was their contribution to tourism?

Ans:

The route from Europe to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope was pioneered by the Portuguese explorer-navigator Vasco da Gama in 1498, resulting in new maritime routes for trade.
Christopher Columbus, the most famous explorer, set sail in the western direction in search of India, but instead, in October 1492, landed on the island of San Salvador. In the next four voyages, Columbus explored Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.
The discovery of these routes by the prominent discoverers helped in the growing awareness of the world. They were basically adventurers who took voyages to different parts of the world. This finding of new locations probably led to modern-day tourism.

8. Write an account of tourism and its status in historical perspective.

Ans: The development of tourism can be seen through a historical perspective. It has a wide variation from the beginning to the present time.

Tourism in Early Periods: Since the early times, people have been travelling from one place to another in search of food, for trade, for religious purposes and even for education. But this travelling was limited and restricted to places which were close by due to lack of roads, unavailability of food, insecurity on the roads and even lack of knowledge of places as well as routes. However, royal patronage helped develop memorials, rest houses, monasteries, dharmashalas, etc and trees were planted for comfortable journeys. Later trading and business opportunities help with better road systems and other entertainment options that help develop tourism.
Tourism in Colonial Period: Although Vasco da Gama helped with trade across the ocean and Columbus brought more foreign traders to India, it was the British who made a good opportunity to develop trading and later conquered the entire country.
Tourism in Modern Period: The development of the rail network and air transport has been a game-changer in the modern period. The roads and waterways have been in operation since ancient times. All forms of transport systems have contributed immensely to the tourism industry.
Tourism after Independence: Improvement in the transport facilities in independent India has boosted the tourism industry in a big way. Improved hotel facilities, the golden quadrilateral that connects the four metros and availability of low-cost medical facilities have all contributed to the boost in tourism.