Borntrager’s test and modified borntrager’s test are used to identify the presence of phenolic compounds such as anthraquinone glycosides in the crude drug sample.
These anthraquinone glycosides are used as purgatives. They are derivatives of anthracene or anthraquinones. They have an aglycone component derived from polyhydroxyanthraquinone. They are seen in their reduced forms as anthrones and anthranols, oxanthrone, and dimers.
The sugar component helps with the absorption of the aglycone to the site of action of the drug. It is seen in Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Polygonaceae, some fungi, and lichens. Sennoside from senna is a common example of anthraquinone.
Anthraquinone glycosides exist in four types – O, N, S, and C. The borntrager’s test targets the O-glycosides while the modified borntrager’s test focuses on C-glycosides.
These tests use hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. However, the modified borntrager’s test uses ferric chloride and the acid.
The reaction with benzene forms aglycone, which, when treated with ammonia, forms anthraquinone salts. These salts appear pink in color.
It takes more drastic steps to hydrolyze the C-glycosides of anthroquinone. This is why a modified Borntrager’s test is used. The modified Borntrager’s test uses 5 mL of HCl and 5 mL of ferric chloride to 1 g of crude drug. The mixture is brought to a boil and let boil for about 5 minutes.
This mixture is cooled down and filtered out, and benzene is added. When the benzene layer is filtered out, dilute ammonia is added. This solution will turn pink if the crude drug contains a glycoside.
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