L-1.Origin and Evolution of Life and Introduction to Classification
Characteristics of life, origin of life, spontaneous generation, Oparin-Haldane theory, Stanley Miller’s experiment, organic evolution, evidence of evolution, sources of variation, natural selection, isolation and speciation. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
Need for classification of organisms, principles of classification and taxonomic categories,
Linnaeus and binomial nomenclature, position of virus, characteristics, structure and habit of virus, infective properties of viruses (general account of TMV, Polio, HIV, Influenza virus, Bacteriophage,) Viroids.
Scheme of five-kingdom classification, merits and demerits of five-kingdom classification.
L-2.The Kingdom Monera, Protoctista and Fungi
Kingdom Monera – General structure and characteristics of bacteria and cyanobacteria with examples.
Kingdom Protoctista – General structure and characteristics of protozoa and algae with common examples.
Kingdom Fungi – General characteristics of fungi with common examples.
L-3.Kingdom Plantae and Animalia
Classification and characteristics of Plantae up to division – Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta, classification of Spermatophyta upto classes – Gymnospermae and Angiospermae, Dicotyledonae (Malvaceae and Fabaceae) and Monocotyledonae (Poaceae and Liliaceae).
Classification and characteristics of Kingdom Animalia up to phyla – Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, Classification of Arthropoda and Chordata up to classes, class
Mammalia up to major orders.
L-4. Cell Structure and Function
Cell – Cell theory, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, animal and plant cells.
Cell molecules – water, mineral ions, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, enzymes, vitamins, hormones, steroids and alkaloids.
Cell cycle – significance of mitosis and meiosis, karyotype analysis.
L-5.Tissues and other Level of Organization
Plant Tissues – classification, structure and functions of meristematic and differentiated tissues.
Animal tissues – structure and functions of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues.
L-6. Root system
Characteristics and regions of root, primary structure of dicot and monocot roots, secondary growth in dicot roots, types and modifications of roots, common functions of roots.
L-7. Shoot system
Characteristics of stem, structure of monocot and dicot stems, difference between dicot and monocot stem, secondary growth in stem: wood, origin of lateral branches, types and modification of stem, functions of stem.
Structure and modifications of leaf, internal structure of a typical dicot and monocot leaf, stomata, hair and hydathodes, phyllotaxy.
Flower – Parts of flower, arrangement of various floral parts, placentation, inflorescence, major types of inflorescence.
Fruit – Definition, structure, major categories, edible parts of common fruits.
2. Module II: Forms and Functions of Plants and Animals
L-8. Absorption, Transport and Water Loss in Plants
Water relation – permeability, diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis, active and passive absorption and movement, imbibition, water potential,
Transpiration – The process and its significance, factors affecting rate of transpiration, opening and closing mechanism of stomata (potassium ion theory), factors affecting stomatal movements, guttation and factors affecting rate of guttation, translocation of solutes.
L-9. Nutrition in plants – Mineral Nutrition
Mineral nutrition, functions of minerals (aeroponics and hydroponics), macro and micro nutrients, deficiency symptoms of elements, mode of nutrition in plants – autotrophic, heterotrophic, saprophytic, parasitic and insectivorous plants.
L-10.Nitrogen Metabolism
Molecular nitrogen, nitrogen fixation (biological and abiological both), nitrogen fixation by free living organisms and symbiotic nitrogen fixation, nitrate and ammonia assimilation by plants, amino acid synthesis by plants. Nitrogen cycle
L-11.Photosynthesis
The process and its significance, site of photosynthesis (functional aspect of chloroplast structure), photosynthetic pigments, photochemical aspects of photosynthesis, photophosphorylation (cyclic and non-cyclic), C3 and C4 pathways, factors affecting photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, and Chemiosmotic synthesis.
Nutrition and its types, digestive system of invertebrates (Cockroach), digestive system and process in humans (ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion), intracellular and intercellular digestion, role of enzymes and hormones in digestion.
Some of the digestive disorders are vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, indigestion and jaundice.
L-14. Respiration and Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes
Respiratory organs of humans, mechanism of breathing and its regulation, gaseous transport through blood and tissue respiration, gaseous exchange in animals (earthworm/cockroach), common respiratory disorders – prevention and cure.
Ammnotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism, urinary system in cockroach and humans, finer structure of mammalian kidney, ultrafiltration and urine formation, role of kidney in osmoregulation, kidney failure, dialysis, kidney transplantation, role of Antidiuretic Hormones (ADH), role of liver in excretion.Emphysema, Renin-Angiotensin and Atrial Antinatriuretic Factor.
L-15. Circulation of Body Fluids
Types of blood circulation, open circulatory system in cockroach, circulatory organs in humans, blood circulation, histology and functions of blood, blood coagulation, blood transfusion, blood groups, blood pressure, lymph and lymph glands, spleen, immune system (basic idea of immunocytes and immunity), blood-related disorders – hypertension, atheroma and arteriosclerosis, ECG, pacemaker.
L.16. Locomotion and Movement
Movement and Locomotion, types of movements for locomotion, flagellar movement. Muscular movement in animals structure of muscle, myofilaments, the sliding of muscle contractions, stimulation of muscle contraction.
L-17. Coordination and Control – The Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Central and Peripheral Nervous System in humans, structure and function of brain and spinal cord, transmission of nerve impulse, reflex action, sensory receptors, sense organs – structure and functions.
Endocrine glands, nature and role of hormones, an elementary knowledge of pheromones, hormonal imbalance and diseases, role of hormones as messengers and regulators – hypothalamohypophyseal axis, feed-back mechanism.
The skeletal system, types of skeleton, human skeleton, muscular and skeletal disorders, and movement in animals.
Nervous system in animals, central nervous system peripheral nervous system sympathetic nervous system.
L-18. Homeostasis: The Steady State
Concept, regulation of body fluids, feedback mechanism – positive and negative, thermoregulation, including skin.
3. Module III: Reproduction and Heredity (22 Marks )
L-19. Reproduction in Plants
Vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction in lower plants (general account), Apomixis reproduction in flowering plants – juvenility, flowering, factor affecting flowering (photoperiodism), flower as a reproductive organ, development of gametes in flowering plants, polyembryony pollination – types and agencies, adaptation to promote cross pollination, fertilization and seed formation, seed – structure of dicot and monocot seeds, seed germination, parthenocarpy.
Natural and artificial vegetative propagation, advantages and disadvantages of vegetative propagation, micropropagation, and advantages of micropropagation.
L-20. Growth and Development in Plants
Definition of growth and development, growth curve, growth regulators (phytohormones) – Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscissic acid; seed germination – mechanism and factors affecting germination, role of growth regulators in seed dormancy, vernalisation, senescence, abscission, stress factors (salt and water), measurement of growth, plant movements – geotropism, phototropism, turgor growth movements (tropic, nastic and turgor), phytohormones and their role in plant development. Differentiation, dedifferentiation
L.21. Reproduction and Population Control
Female and male reproductive organs, histology of gonads, gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, fate of germ layer (general account only), embryonic development and nutrition, childbirth, twins, growth, ageing and senescence, death, in-vitro fertilization.
Demography – birth rate, death rate and population growth rate, position of India in world population, consequences of overpopulation, management of population growth, methods of contraception. Lactation, gemmule, Reproductive system of insects, male reproductive system, female reproductive system
L-22. Principles of Genetics
Heredity and variation, Mendel’s laws of inheritance, incomplete dominance, lethal genes, pleiotropic genes, polygenic inheritance with examples, chromosomal basis of inheritance, linkage and crossing over, criss-cross inheritance, maternal inheritance. Sex Determination in Birds, Sex Determination in Honey Bees. Human karyotypes, autosome and sex chromosomes, abnormalities due to multiple sets of genome – colour blindness, haemophilia, Down syndrome (Mongolism), Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Rh factor, ABO blood group, amniocentesis, human genome.
L-23. Molecular Inheritance and Gene Expression
One-gene-one enzyme hypothesis, discovery of DNA as genetic material, structure of DNA and RNA, types of RNA, functions of nucleic acids, DNA replication, protein synthesis, transcription and translation, housekeeping genes, regulation of gene expression, positive and negative control systems, Operon model, mutations and their types, mutagens, useful and harmful effects of mutation.
L-24. Genetics and Society
Genetics through ages, recombinant DNA technology, gene cloning, gene bank, Polymerase Chain Reaction, DNA fingerprinting, genomics, genetic engineering and its importance, transgenic plants, animals and microbes, genetic counselling. Bt crops, Biopiracy, Biopatent.
4. Module IV: Environment and Health (13 Marks)
L-25. Principles of Ecology
Biotic and abiotic factors in ecosystem, interrelationship between plants and animals, energy flow in the biosphere, food chain, food web, man’s place in the environment, biomes, flora and fauna of different biomes.
L-26. Conservation and Use of Natural Resources
Population growth, Ecological succession biotic interaction
Types of natural resources – non-renewable and renewable with examples, need for conservation and restoration, Indian traditions of conservation of nature, conservation of soil, water and biodiversity, endangered and threatened species, wildlife reserves in India, agencies (national and international) dealing with conservation of wildlife, environmental legislation, sustainable development, conventional and non-conventional sources of energy (hydel, wind, tidal, nuclear, solar, geothermal, hydrogen energy, biogas and bio fuels), depleting energy resources, conservation of energy. Our Biodiversity Richness and Non-conventional Sources of Energy
L-27. Pollution
Causes, prevention and control of different kinds of pollution, (air, water, thermal, soil, noise and radiation), entry and translocation of pollutants in our body, waste management.
L-28. Nutrition and Health
Health and nutrition, types of nutrients – macro and micronutrients, sources and functions of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water and roughage; energy requirement of the body, balanced diet, balanced diet for special needs growing children, persons in different occupations, pregnant and lactating mothers, deficiency diseases – Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM), mineral deficiency and vitamin deficiency with examples – hypervitaminosis, obesity, foodfads.
L-29. Some Common Human Diseases
Definition, types and transmission of diseases, define – parasite, pathogens, infection, infestation, vector; causes, symptoms, prevention and control of some common communicable diseases – influenza, measles, polio, hepatitis, tuberculosis, diphtheria, leprosy, malaria, filariasis and dengue; cardiovascular diseases – diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, allergy, syphilis, gonorrhea and AIDS (awareness, symptoms and prevention), drug abuse.
5. Module V: Emerging Areas in Biology(7 Marks)
L.30 Immunobiology: An Introduction
Types of defense mechanisms of body, cells of immune system (T-cells, B-cells, macrophages), antigens and antibodies, humoral and cell-mediated immune response, types of immunity, immunization.
L.31 Biotechnology
Introduction, industrial biotechnology (alcohol, beverages, yoghurt, cheese, vinegar, antibiotics), general idea of genetic engineering, importance of transgenic organisms, gene therapy, bioremediation, biopesticides.
NIOS Class 12 Biology Syllabus Bifurcation
NIOS Class 12 Biology TMA Units
1. Module I: Diversity and Evolution of Life
L-1.Origin and Evolution of Life and Introduction to Classification
L-4. Cell Structure and Function
2. Module II: Forms and Functions of Plants and Animals
L-8. Absorption, Transport and Water Loss in Plants
L-9. Nutrition in plants – Mineral Nutrition
L-13. Nutrition and Digestion
L-14. Respiration and Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes
L.16. Locomotion and Movement
L-18. Homeostasis
3. Module III: Reproduction and Heredity
L-20. Growth and Development in Plants
L-24. Genetics and Society
4. Module IV: Environment and Health
L-26. Conservation and Use of Natural Resources
L-27. Pollution
L-29. Some Common Human Diseases
NIOS Class 12 Public Examination Units
1. Module I: Diversity and Evolution of Life
L-2.The Kingdom Monera, Protoctista and Fungi
L-3.Kingdom Plantae and Animalia
L-5.Tissues and Other Levels of Organization
2. Module II: Forms and Functions of Plants and Animals
L-6. Root system
L-7. Shoot system
L-10.Nitrogen Metabolism
L-11.Photosynthesis
L-12. Respiration in Plants
L-15. Circulation of Body Fluids
L-17. Coordination and Control – The Nervous and Endocrine Systems
3. Module III: Reproduction and Heredity
L-19. Reproduction in Plants
L.21. Reproduction and Population Control
L-22. Principles of Genetics
L-23. Molecular Inheritance and Gene Expression
4. Module IV: Environment and Health
L-25. Principles of Ecology
L-28. Nutrition and Health
5. Module V: Emerging Areas in Biology
L.30 Immunobiology
L.31 Biotechnology
Module-wise Marks Distribution
Unit-wise Distribution of Core Modules
Marks
Module 1: Diversity and Evolution of Life
12
Module 2: Forms and Functions of Plants and Animals
26
Module 3: Reproduction and Heredity
22
Module 4: Environment and Health
13
Module 5: Emerging Areas in Biology
7
Chapterwise Marks Distribution
Chapterwise Marks Distribution
Marks
L-1.Origin and Evolution of Life and Introduction to Classification (TMA) L-2.The Kingdom Monera, Protoctista and Fungi L-3.Kingdom Plantae and Animalia
8
L-4. Cell Structure and Function (TMA) L-5.Tissues and Other Levels of Organisation
4
L-6. Root system L-7. Shoot system L-8. Absorption, Transport and Water Loss in Plants (TMA) L-9. Nutrition in plants – Mineral Nutrition (TMA) L-10.Nitrogen Metabolism L-11.Photosynthesis L-12. Respiration in Plants
12
L-13. Nutrition and Digestion (TMA) L-14. Respiration and Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes (TMA) L.16. Locomotion and Movement (TMA) L-18. Homeostasis (TMA) L-15. Circulation of Body Fluids L-17. Coordination and Control – The Nervous and Endocrine Systems
14
L-19. Reproduction in Plants L-20. Growth and Development in Plants (TMA) L.21. Reproduction and Population Control
12
L-22. Principles of Genetics L-23. Molecular Inheritance and Gene Expression L-24. Genetics and Society
10
L-25. Principles of Ecology L-26. Conservation and Use of Natural Resources (TMA) L-27. Pollution (TMA)
7
L-28. Nutrition and Health L-29. Some Common Human Diseases (TMA)