Chapter 32 Health and Hygiene Textbook Solutions

NIOS Class 10 Science Chapter 32 Question Answers

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.1

1. Why do we need to be healthy? List any three reasons.

Ans: We need to be healthy because healthy persons are energetic, efficient, happy, and productive.

2. State the definition of health given by WHO.

Ans: Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.

3. List the three different dimensions of health.

Ans: Physical, mental, and social aspects.

4. How is hygiene related to health?

Ans: Principles, practices, or habits that help in remaining healthy are known as hygiene. Thus, hygienic ways help in remaining healthy.

5. Identify any one healthy habit. How will you motivate your younger brother/sister to practise this habit?

Ans: Brushing teeth regularly is very important. Brushing teeth removes the food particles that remain stuck to our teeth. These food particles allow germs to multiply and harm our teeth and gums, and lead to bad breath. Or any other healthy habit

6. You have prepared lunch early in the morning at 9 A.M. and it will be served at 1.00 P.M. List any two precautions you will take to store it.

Ans: Food should be covered, stored in a cool and insect-proof place.

7. Suggest any two ways by which you, along with your elders, can maintain a healthy environment at home.

Ans: Try to maintain physical health of self /family members, be confident and sensitive towards others’ needs, have healthy interpersonal relationships, and try to fulfil duties towards others. (or any other correct point)

8. Tick () the situations given below which, in your opinion, are correct

(i) It was 11.30 pm. Raju was celebrating his birthday. There was loud music. His neighbour, Tinku, had a Mathematics exam the next day and was not able to concentrate. He went to Raju and explained the situation, but Raju did not pay any attention. Then, Tinku called the police. They came and stopped the music; the party was spoiled, but it was a necessary step.

(ii) Rohan believes that taking drugs once or twice is not harmful.

(iii) Ashu copied some answers from her friend’s sheet during the examination. But later she felt very guilty and confided in her parents. Her friends said that she was a fool to speak the truth.

(iv) It’s fun driving at a very high speed and gives a lot of thrill. There is nothing wrong in doing so if road has no traffic.

(v) People should not be allowed to burst loud crackers, especially late at night, even if it curtails fun and enjoyment.

(vi) Just when you were ready to leave for a movie, you found that your bike is punctured. In your frustration, you kicked the dog sleeping nearby to vent your anger. It calmed you down. Later, you regretted your action.

Ans: Items I, V, and VI are correct. Reasons are I: sensitivity towards others’ needs, V: duty towards others, VI: control over your emotions II, III, IV do not reflect mental/social health.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.2

1. List some of the activities that are undertaken by the government and local organizations to maintain public health.

Ans: Removal of garbage, supply of clean drinking water, fumigation, organizing immunization programmes, ensuring food standards in food stores and milk outlets.

2. Samina’s family members are expert housekeepers. The bathrooms are as clean as the bedrooms and the kitchen. But when Samina steps out, foul odour irritates her nostrils; her feet sink in garbage piles and pot holes. Neither the local government authorities nor anyone in Samina’s neighbourhood seems to care. She is very sad and wants to do something to change this situation. Taking cue from the ‘Bhagidari initiative’ launched by the Government of Delhi, please provide three suggestions to Samina to enable her to make her neighbourhood clean.

Ans: Discussions with neighbours, convincing them of the association between a healthy population and clean environment and therefore the need to keep their neighbourhood clean; forming peer groups and distribution of hand bills to educate people around, making posters depicting ways of keeping a place clean, contacting the municipality for providing garbage bins and garbage collection, and also for repair of the roads.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.3

1. Why is Filariasis also called Elephantiasis?

Ans: In this disease, the swollen leg resembles that of an elephant.

2. How will you identify a TB patient? List any four symptoms.

Ans: Persistent low-grade fever, blood in sputum, cough, weight loss, chest pain, fatigue. (any four)

3. Complete the table given below:

Modes of transmission	Disease
Droplet infection	………………………………..a
Bite of an Infected *Aedes* mosquito	………………………………..b
………………………………..c	Amoebiasis
………………………………..d	Malaria

Ans: a: TB, b: Filaria, c: contaminated food, water, d: bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito.

4. Complete the table

Preventive actions	Name of the diseases that are prevented
i Use of mosquito net,	a) _________ b) _________
ii Sanitary condition and proper disposal of human excreta	c) _________
iii BCG vaccine	d) _________
iv Cover your cough, sneeze	e) _________ f) __________

Ans: a) malaria, b) dengue/filariasis, c) amoebiasis/ascariasis, d) tuberculosis, e) influenza, f) tuberculosis.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.4

1. Mention the six killer diseases that are targeted in primary immunization.

Ans: Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio, Measles.

2. Name the vaccines against TB and Polio. At what age are these vaccines first administered?

Ans: BCG; to be given within two weeks of the infant’s birth, and OPV; at the age of two months.

3. Which day of the week is usually chosen for the pulse polio, and why?

Ans: Sunday, for the convenience of the parents to take their children to the Polio Booth for vaccination.

4. How will large-scale destruction of lymphocytes affect our ability to fight the diseases?

Ans: It is the lymphocytes that recognize an antigen (disease-causing agent) and produce antibodies against it to destroy it. If lymphocytes are destroyed, our body will become more susceptible to diseases, as there will be no antibodies to counter the antigens.

5. Given below are four situations that are conducive to mosquito breeding. Identify with any one situation that you are familiar with and answer the questions that follow.

A — building construction site

B — Children playing near an open drain /nallah

C — Tea stall with used paper cups and plates strewn around, allowing water accumulation

D — House with leaking roof and water puddles around

Tick () one or more remedial measures that you think are most applicable for prevention of mosquito breeding in the situation selected.

(i) Apply mosquito repellent cream or use mosquito nets and door nets.

(ii) Fumigate the place or put Kerosene oil in water.

(iii) Convince the concerned persons to prevent the accumulation of dirt and water.

(iv) Do not allow stagnation of water in and around your own home.

Ans:

(i) Apply mosquito repellent cream or use mosquito nets and door nets. (√)

(ii) Fumigate the place or put Kerosene oil in water. (√)

(iii) Convince the concerned persons to prevent the accumulation of dirt and water. (X)

(iv) Do not allow stagnation of water in and around your own home. (√)

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.5

1. How is O.R.S. solution made at home?

Ans: By adding one teaspoon of sugar and a pinch of salt to a glass of (about 200mL) water.

2. What first aid would you give to a person who has received burn?

Ans:

a) Place the injured area in cold water/ice to relieve the pain.,

b) Blot the area and apply a dry sterile dressing.

3. List two precautions to be taken in case of bleeding from any wound.

Ans: Press directly on the wound with the thumb, make the victim lie down, and elevate the bleeding part above the rest of the body.

4. On a hot, sultry day, you suddenly get a telephone call from your aunt that your cousin, who has just returned from Chandigarh, has fainted and is bleeding through his nose. Which first aid measures would you suggest to your aunt?

Ans: Dehydration; give him/her a lot of homemade fluid or ORS. Keep in a cool place and consult the doctor.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.6

1. How will you convince your friend not to take drugs? Give any three reasons.

Ans: Reasons: drugs are harmful for both physical as well as psychological health, and such chemicals will have serious consequences on their health. May cause physical as well as mental damage. It may affect their academic field, employment, and interpersonal relationships. It also leads to financial ruin and increased risk of contracting STDs.

2. How will you get to know if a friend of yours is taking drugs or not? List three important signs that will help you to identify him/her.

Ans:

a) Sudden change in work or school attendance and quality of work;

b) Outbursts of anger, lack of concentration, running nose, red eyes, dark circles under the eyes, nausea, vomiting, and body pain;

c) Engaging in secretive behaviour and staying away from friends who are non-users, frequent borrowing money, or stealing items from home/or workplace.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.7

1. Read the following table carefully and fill in the blanks.

Ans:

a—rickets, b—osteoporosis

c—MRI

d— tumour

e—slipped disc,

f— Sound waves of 1-15MHz are used, which are absorbed and then reflected and scattered to different extents by different tissues,

g —provides valuable information on different internal organs, h—foetal growth.

TERMINAL EXERCISES

1. Differentiate between dislocation and fracture. Mention the role of a splint.

Ans: Fracture is a break in the bone, and dislocation when bone end moves out of its normal position. Splint is a support that can be made by padding a stick or scale, umbrella or any rod with a soft cloth.

2. What is drug abuse? Explain its dangers in terms of addiction, tolerance, and dependence.

Ans: When the normally prescribed drugs used for treatment are taken for non-medical purpose it is called drug abuse.

Drug abuse leads to drug addiction after developing tolerance and dependence.
Repeated use of a drug makes the body tolerant to lower doses.
Subsequently body needs increasing quantities of the drug. This is referred to as the state of dependence.

3. List any four steps that can help a person stay away from drugs.

Ans:

Avoid undue peer pressure: Good friends will respect your wishes and will not force you into anything. Hence, it is important to say ‘no’ to peers/ friends if you are not convinced that you want to engage in a particular activity.
Choose your friends carefully, as they may compel you into certain actions that are contradictory to your personal values and beliefs.
Try to perform the best that you can, and do not stress yourself too much.
Be optimistic and have a positive outlook. Learn to face problems and stresses and accept disappointments and failures as part of life; you may seek help from parents and peers because they can provide support and guidance to sort out your problems and vent feelings of anxiety and guilt.

4. List the danger signs of drug addiction.

Ans:

Desire to have the substance regularly to deal with problems or have fun and relax.
Sudden change in work or school attendance and quality of work.
Frequent borrowing money or stealing items from home/school/ workplace.
Outbursts of anger, lack of concentration, running nose, red eyes, dark circles under eyes, nausea, vomiting, and body pain.
Deteriorating personal appearance and grooming.
Staying away from friends who are non-users.
Engaging in secretive behavior.
Talking about the substance all the time and pressuring others to use it.
Feeling exhausted, depressed, or suicidal.
Fresh and numerous injection sites on the body.

5. What role does vaccination play in control of diseases? Explain.

Ans: Vaccines are inactivated or weakened pathogens or their products that function as antigens or foreign agents. They activate the immune system, forming memory cells. For example, the immunization against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus requires booster or repeat doses to protect against these infections.

6. How is innate immunity different from acquired immunity?

Ans:

Innate immunity is present from the time of birth and protects against the entry of any foreign agent into our body. Skin and the mucous membranes prevent the entry of foreign agents into the body. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills the germs that reach the stomach. White blood cells (WBC) engulf foreign particles and destroy them.
Acquired immunity is developed during one’s lifetime by producing antibodies in response to foreign bodies termed antigens. Each antigen is recognised by a specific antibody. Antibodies remember and recognize the infectious agents that have once attacked the body and recognize and kill them when they enter the body again. This is called the memory of the immune system and is the basis of the immunisation programme. Such as against mumps or measles.

7. List at least six steps you think are essential to remain healthy.

Ans: Steps that are essential to remain healthy are,

A balanced diet that meets the nutritional requirements.
Improve personal hygiene
Practice domestic hygiene by cleaning your home and premises.
Drink clean water and eat germ-free food.
Cook your food in a clean kitchen, eat with clean utensils, and store the food properly.
Stay active with physical exercises.
Get adequate and quality sleep
Abstain from smoking, tobacco, and alcohol.

8. How are personal health and community health related? Explain with the help of an example.

Ans: Both personal and community health are important for the well-being of an individual as well as the community. Health may be affected by the environment, the availability of quality food, and other necessities. Participation of local and government organizations becomes essential in promoting community health.

9. What precautions will you take while storing food?

Ans: Cooked food should be stored in a cool and clean place. It should be kept at a low temperature using either conventional methods or in a refrigerator.

10. List the activities that are carried out by community health organizations.

Ans: Some of these activities and programs are listed below:

1 Maintain the cleanliness of the villages, towns, cities, and localities through proper garbage disposal.
2 Ensure that prescribed standards in food stores, meat and milk outlets are strictly followed.
3 Organize health promotion and disease prevention, including
- a) Immunization programmes for infants and children, for instance, the National Pulse Polio Programme that is being run by the government.
- b) Various awareness programmes have been undertaken against the spread of diseases of national concern like malaria, AIDS, polio, leprosy, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B. The National Malaria Eradication Programme is an example of one such programme.
4. Organize mid-day meals in schools to provide adequate nourishment to growing children.
5. Set up hospitals and dispensaries to provide medical facilities to the general public either free of cost or at highly subsidized rates.

11. Chill and high fever at periodic intervals are characteristic of malaria. What is responsible for this periodic symptom? List any two other symptoms of malaria.

Ans: Malaria is caused by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Its symptoms are,

Shivering and high fever, which occur at regular intervals, are accompanied by headache and nausea.
Fever may last for 6-10 hrs. After the fever, sweating starts, and the temperature falls.

12. List the various preventive measures that are essential for controlling spread of TB.

Ans:

BCG vaccine at birth
A patient suffering from TB should be kept isolated and given proper medication.
Clothes and utensils used by a TB patient should be regularly disinfected.

13. BCG vaccine provides artificial and active immunity. Justify.

Ans: BCG vaccination helps the host develop antibodies against the pathogens. It activates the immune system to form memory cells, initiating artificial and active immunity.

14. Why do bones appear lighter on a radiograph?

Ans: Bones are hard structures that will absorb the electromagnetic waves from the X-ray radiography. This is why bones appear lighter on a radiograph.

15. Brain appears clearer in an MRI than in an X-ray. Explain.

Ans: The soft tissues inside the brain absorb the X-rays to an extent that it appear as dark areas. In MRI, the energy released by the protons is received by highly sensitive detectors that can show the brain clearly.

16. Name the technique that is best used for monitoring foetal growth.

Ans: Sonography, as it produces ultrasound images that are safer than the radiation of other imaging techniques.