31 Immunobiology: An Introduction Intext Questions Solutions

NIOS Biology Intext Solutions Chapter 31

INTEXT QUESTIONS 31.1

1. Who is considered as the father of immunobiology?

Ans: Edward Jenner

2. What are the three main functions of immunological defense?

Ans: Broadly, immunological defence serves three functions :

• (i) Defence against microorganisms.
• (ii) Homeostasis, i.e., removal of damaged (non-functional) cells to maintain a normal state.
• (iii) Surveillance, i.e,. recognition and destruction of mutant cells.

3. Define immunology.

Ans: Study of the organisation and function of the immune system.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 31.2

1. Name the two categories of immune cells.

Ans: 

(i) Central or primary lymphoid organs.

(ii) Peripheral or secondary lymphoid organs.

2. Name the organ found in birds where B cells are produced. 

Ans: Bursa of Fabricius.

3. Write the two main functions of B cells.

Ans: Main functions of B cells:

• (i) Initiate antibody-mediated immune response.
• (ii) Transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies.

4. Name the cells responsible for synthesis of antibodies.

Ans: Plasma cells/B-cells

5. What is the function of T-helper cells?

Ans: Promote response by B-cells resulting in antibody production, and also activate other T-cells.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 31.3

1. Name the part of antigen which makes contact with antibody.

Ans: Epitope

2. How many types of immunoglobulins are known? (Give only the number).

Ans: Five

3. Name the immunoglobulin found in the highest concentration.

Ans: Immunoglobulin G

4. Which type of immune response is responsible for the killing of cancer cells?

Ans: Cell-mediated immune response

INTEXT QUESTIONS 31.4

1. Mention two physical barriers of the body.

Ans: 

• (i) Skin
• (ii) Epithelial cell layer of the respiratory system.

2. Macrophages are found in large numbers in the following organs :

Ans: 

• (i) Lung
• (ii) Liver
• (iii) Spleen

3. Give two examples of each of the following:

(i) Killed organism vaccine.

(ii) Live attenuated organism vaccine 

(iii) Toxoid vaccine 

Ans: 

• (i) Typhoid vaccine, Pertussis vaccine.
• (ii) BCG, Rubella vaccine.
• (iii) Diphtheria vaccine, Tetanus vaccine.

Additional Study Materials

• Chapter 30 Biotechnology