CBSE Class 12 Medical Diagnostics Sample Question Paper 2023 Solved

Class 12 Medical Diagnostics Sample Paper 2023

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1 Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions on Employability Skills (1 x 4 = 4 marks)

i. ______________ is defined as an unpleasant feeling triggered by the perception of danger, real or imagined

a) Risk

b) Fear

c) Anger

ii. _____________________ guides independent individuals as it helps them consider long term consequences rather than just transient feelings.

a) Self-regulation

b) Self–awareness

c) Self-motivation

iii. ____________ is a school of Hindu philosophy reducing stress, which includes a series

of postures and breathing exercises practiced to achieve control of body and mind.

a) Yoga

b) Meditation

c) Physical exercise

iv. A ________is a software that helps you type and work with text on a computer.

a) Power point

b) Word processor

c) Adobe

v. _________________is a process of developing a business plan, launching and running a Business using innovation to meet customer needs and to make a profit.

a) Business Studies

b) Entrepreneurship

c) Business mind

vi. ____________is a rectangular block of contiguous cells, i.e., cells that touch each other, especially along a line

a) Toolbar

b) Range

c) Standard bar

2 Answer any 5 out of the given 7 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)

i. Write down the full form of CBC.

a) Common blood count

b) Complete blood count

c) Complete bone count

ii. Name the anticoagulant that is best to use for coagulation studies.

a) EDTA

b) Trisodium Citrate

c) Heparin

iii. What do you mean by MCHC?

a) Major Corpuscular hemoglobin Concentration

b) Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin Concentration

c) Major Cellular hemoglobin Concentration

iv. What do you mean by MCH?

a) Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin

b) Major Corpuscular hemoglobin

c) Major Cellular hemoglobin

v. In which condition decreased osmotic fragility is seen?

a) Congenital spherocytosis

b) Thalassemia

c) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

vi. Write down the full form of PCV.

a) Pus cell Volume

b) Periodic cell Volume

c) Packed cell Volume

vii. Name the instrument to separate solution into sediment and supernatant by using required speed.

a) Centrifuge

b) Microscope

c) Hemocytometer

3 Answer any 6 out of the given 7 questions (1 x 6 = 6 marks)

i. Name one commonly used method to measure ESR.

a) Benedict’s test method

b) Fehling’s test method

c) Westergren’s Method.

ii. ______________is the ideal fixative used for cellblock preparation of fluid specimens.

a) Formalin

b) AAF Fixative

c) Xylene

iii. Which is a better RBC diluting fluid if one wants to prevent rouleux formation?

a) Hingleman’s solution

b) Toisson’s fluid

c) Gower’s Solution

iv. What do you mean by Hematopoiesis?

a) An increase in platelet count

b) Production of blood cells

c) An increase in WBC count

v. Who discovered Rhesus blood group system?

a) Land Steiner and Wiener

b) Thompson

c) Charles Darwin

vi. The titer of an antibody is usually determined by testing two fold serial dilution of the serum against selected _______cells.

a) Red

b) White

c) Blue

vii. Name two antigens of kidd blood group system.

a) Jkd and Jke

b) Jkm and Jkn

c) Jka and Jkb

4 Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)

i. __________is defined as clumping of particles that have antigen on their surface and is brought about by antibodies.

a) Agglutination

b) Hemolysis

c) Reaction

ii. _________ develop due to immunization following pregnancy, previous transfusion

or deliberate injection of immunogenic material.

a) Ig G

b) Ig M

c) Ig E

iii. _________are serum proteins, more specifically immunoglobulins.

a) Antigens

b) Antibodies

c) Pathogen

iv. An increase in lymphocyte count above normal reference range is known as ________

a) Lymphocytosis

b) Lymphopenia

c) Lymphoedema

v. What are the antigens of Lutheran system?

a) Lu m and Lu n

b) Lu c and Lu d

c) Lu a and Lu b

vi. Write down the full form of ELISA.

a) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay

b) Energy-linked immunosorbent Assay

c) Evolution-linked immunosorbent Assay

5 Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)

i. What is the basic function of autoclave in laboratory?

a) Drying

b) Heating

c) Sterilization

ii. ___________is rupture of red cells with release of intracellular haemoglobin can occur if the Antibody has the property of hemolysin.

a) Agglutination

b) Hemolysis

c) Reaction

iii. Name one special-purpose fixative used in cytology laboratory.

a) AAF fixative

b) Carnoy’s fixative

c) Formalin

iv. ___________ is a special purpose fixative for haemorrhagic samples.

a) Carnoy’s fixative

b) AAF fixative

c) Formalin

v. Name the chemical which is used for dehydration process.

a) Alcohol

b) Water

c) Xylene

vi. What do you mean by Cytology?

a) Study of tissue

b) Study of cells

c) Study of organs

6 Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions (1 x 5 = 5 marks)

i. Write down full form of FNAC.

a) Fine needle aspiration cytology

b) Free needle aspiration cytology

c) Fine needle activation cytology

ii. ________is strictly for taking materials from endocervix.

a) Endo-cervical brush

b) Exo-cervical brush

c) Endo-cellular brush

iii. It is important that no air-drying occurs prior to____________-.

a) Fixation

b) Dehydration

c) Clearing

iv. By which process Respiratory tract malignancies can be detected?

a) By sputum cytology or by bronchoscopic material

b) By CSF cytology or by bronchoscopic material

c) By sputum cytology or by Endoscopic material

v. Name one routine fixative that was originally recommended by Papanicolaou.

a) Carnoy’s Fixative

b) AAF Fixative

c) Ether alcohol mixture

vi. Name one clearing agent used in laboratory.

a) Formalin

b) Water

c) Xylene

SECTION B: SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions on Employability Skills in 20 – 30 words each (2 x 3 = 6 marks)

7. Write down the function of scan option.

Ans: This option provides various scanning options, like Full System Scan, Custom Scan, Memory Scan, Mobile scan, and Boot Time Scan.

8. List any four characteristics of entrepreneurship.

Ans:

1. Ability to take up risks, financial literacy, and money management skills.
2. Believe in hard work and discipline, and Effective planning and execution.
3. Adaptable and flexible to achieve the goals of enhancing quality and customer satisfaction
4. Knowledge of the product and services and their need or demand in the market.

9. Enumerate four steps of time management.

Ans:

Organize
Prioritize
Control
Track

10. What are the steps of deleting data in a cell?

Ans:

Click on the cell.
Press the Delete key on the keyboard. This deletes the text entry of that cell, making it blank.

11. List any four common personality disorders

Ans:

Paranoid
Antisocial
Schizoid
Borderline
Narcissistic
Dependent

Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions in 20 – 30 words each (2 x 3 = 6 marks)

12. Write down the advantages of Evacuated Tube System.

Ans:

An adequate sample is ensured (vacuum in the tube controls the amount of blood entering the tube).
The correct ratio of anticoagulant to blood is ensured.
This is a closed system and spillage of blood, and hence any Biohazard is thus avoided.
Large amounts of blood (in multiple tubes) can be collected with minimal discomfort to the patient.

13. What do you mean by neutrophilia and neutropenia?

Ans: Neutrophilia: It refers to an increase in the number/percentage of neutrophils in the blood.

Neutropenia: It refers to a decrease in the number of neutrophils in the blood.

14. Write down the importance of blood storage cabinets.

Ans:

Uniform temperature between 2°C and 6°C (in an AC room)
Stainless steel inner chamber and an Inside acrylic door to avoid temperature loss.
Digital temperature indicator cum controller with audio-visual alarm
Full-view glass doors for observation without disturbing the inside conditions.

15. Explain two types of processes that can be done by using cell separator.

Ans: Continuous flow: It is a two-arm procedure where blood is drawn from one arm. The components are separated in a cart rid & the remaining cells & plasma flow back to the donor

through the other area. Here, the volume of blood that is outside the body is very small.

Interrupted flow: This is a one-arm process. One line is connected to the donor, the blood will be coming out after processing, components will be separated, the remaining required plasma & RBCs will be reinfused back to the donor with the same line, and this process will take a little longer than the continuous flow.

16. How can an endometrial aspiration smear be made?

Ans: Endometrial aspiration smear: After preliminary visualization and cleaning of the cervix, a sterile cannula is introduced into the uterine cavity, and aspiration is then carried out with a

syringe. The specimen is squirted on a clean glass slide, gently spread, and rapidly fixed.

Answer any 2 out of the given 3 questions in 30– 50 words each (3 x 2 = 6 marks)

17. Enumerate three stages of ESR experiment. 3

Ans: Sedimentation is defined as the settlement of red cells to the bottom with an upper plasma layer when anti-coagulated blood is kept undisturbed for a period of time. There are three stages in which this occurs:

The stage of aggregation – This is the first stage when the red cells form rouleaux, and is the most important stage in sedimentation.
Stage of sedimentation – is the phase of actual falling of the cells. The larger the aggregates formed in stage I, the faster the rate of fall. This is related to both weights to surface area.
The stage of packing is the final one, when individual cells and aggregates slow down due to crowding.

18. Enumerate any six features of cold centrifuge.

Ans: Features of a cold centrifuge:

Digital speed indicator
Stepless speed regulator with ‘O’ start switch
Digital automatic timer
Dynamic break
Digital temperature indicator cum controller
Unbalanced cut-out switch

19. Enlist the indications of FNAC. Outline its methodology.

Ans: INDICATIONS:

Aspiration is done using disposable needles of 21 gauge (external diameter approximately 0.6

-1.0mm) attached to a 20ml syringe.

The FNAC needles are available in a variety of lengths. Lengths of to ½ inches are found to be adequate for most palpable masses.
The 31/2-inch 22-gauge disposable needle is used for deep-seated soft tissue masses.
Ultrasound or computerized tomography (CT) guidance can be utilized whenever indicated.

METHODOLOGY:

Taking all aseptic precautions, the lump is palpated and localized, and the site of puncture is determined.

The lump is then immobilized with the left hand in a position favorable for needle aspiration and holding the syringe by the barrel in the right hand; the needle is pushed into the predetermined site of the lump until the needle tip penetrates the center of the lump.
The plunger of the needle is then retracted backward to create a negative pressure inside the syringe and needle bore; and without withdrawing the needle through the skin, the syringe is rotated and moved in and out through the lump whilst negative pressure sucks cells into the lumen of the needle.
In order to obtain sufficient material, particularly from fibrotic lesions, the needle is moved back and forth three or more times and directed into different areas of the tumor.
Throughout this manipulation, negative pressure is maintained in the syringe by keeping the piston retracted.
After completion of the aspiration, the pressure in the syringe is allowed to equalize before the needle is withdrawn from the lesion.
This is achieved by releasing the piston of the syringe. After the needle had been withdrawn, the syringe was disconnected from the needle, filled with air, and reconnected.
The material in the needle is expelled onto a glass slide, care being taken to deposit it as a single drop at one end of the slide.
The needle tip is then brought into light contact with the slide, and the aspirate is carefully expressed from it.

Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions in 50– 80 words each (4 x 3 = 12 marks)

20. How can the microscope be handled properly in laboratory?

Ans: This instrument helps us to examine tiny objects that cannot be visualized with the naked eye. It is a delicate instrument and needs utmost care.

Cleaning of the objective and eyepiece should be done regularly, and they should be kept free from dust. The optical part is cleaned to remove grease using a soft cloth or lens paper.
Hold the microscope firmly while moving it to prevent the lenses from dropping down.
Exposure to sunlight should be avoided, and it should be kept at room temperature.
After one use of oil immersion, one must always clean the oil from the objective.

21. How the bleeding time can be measured by IVY method?

Ans: The following steps are followed to measure bleeding time: –

The BP cuff is placed on the patient’s arm about 2 to 3 inches above the elbow joint. Pressure is increased to 40 mm Hg. This pressure is kept for the entire procedure.
An area is selected on the volar surface of the forearm (devoid of any superficial veins) and cleaned with a spirit swab. The area is allowed to dry, and there will be 2 skin punctures, 5 -10 cm apart, 2.5 mm deep, 1mm wide are made, and the stopwatch started.
Blood is blotted from each puncture site on a piece of filter paper every 15seconds. The filter paper should not touch the wound. (As this may interfere with the process of platelet plug formation). When bleeding stops, the watch is stopped, time noted, and the BP cuff is released.
Bleeding times of the two puncture sites are noted, and the average of the two results is reported.

22. Who discovered ABO blood grouping system? Write down the importance of ABO blood grouping system.

Ans: Landsteiner discovered the ABO group antigens in 1900, and since then, this is one of the most important discoveries in the field of medicine.

The importance of blood grouping:

Safe blood transfusion
Organ transplant, especially the liver, heart, and kidney
Medicolegal and forensic paternity disputes
Immunology and genetics

23. Enumerate two major categories of cytological sample that are examined in laboratory.

Ans: Two broad categories of samples are received in the cytology laboratory:

1. Exfoliative cytology: It is the study of cells that have been shed or removed from the epithelial or mesothelial linings. Normal cells are cohesive in nature, but malignancy and infection increase exfoliation.

Malignant cells show reduced intercellular adhesion due to defective desmosomes. These cells can be recovered either from natural secretions. Such as urine, sputum, vaginal, and prostatic fluids, or by artificial means, such as paracentesis or lavage of fluids like pleural, pericardial, cerebrospinal, synovial, ascetic, CSF, cyst fluid, bronchial washings, etc.

2. Fine needle aspiration cytology includes aspiration done by the pathologist or the clinician, as well as guided aspiration done by the radiologists and aspirations. It is a diagnostic procedure used to investigate pathological lesions in organs that do not shed cells spontaneously. In this technique, a thin, hollow needle is inserted into the lesion (usually a lump or a swelling) to

obtain cells and tissue fragments, which, after being stained, are examined under a microscope.

24. Enumerate the functions of four special-purpose fixatives

Ans:

Carnoy’s fixative: This is a special-purpose fixative for haemorrhagic samples. The acetic acid in the fixative haemolyses the red blood cells. It is an excellent nuclear fixative as well as preservative for glycogen, but results in considerable shrinkage of cells. Carnoy’s fixative must be prepared fresh when needed and discarded after each use. It loses its effectiveness on long standing, and chloroform can react with acetic acid to form hydrochloric acid.
AAF Fixative: This is the ideal fixative used for cellblock preparation of fluid specimens.
Saccomanno collection fluid: A green coloured fixative of the collection of sputum.

Cytolyt solution: This is a clear water-based buffered fixative for the collection of fluid specimens. A 50:50 ratio of specimen to fixative is appropriate (if this is unavailable, use 50% alcohol).