Class 12 Medical Diagnostics 2024 Solved Paper
Section A
1. Answer any 4 out of the given 6 questions on Employability Skills.
(i) _____ are words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea. They are naming words.
- Nouns
- Pronouns
- Verb
- Proverb
(ii) By keeping class notes organized, completing assignments on time, and keeping track of all deadlines, stress can be reduced to a great extent. When you are not stressed, you can channelize your mind to achieve the goals. Which technique is this to help you maintain a positive outlook in the long run?
(a) Healthy diet
(b) Physical exercise
(c) Organized Academic life
(d) Fresh air
(iii) In the spreadsheet, you can see a worksheet with cells placed in, but not in
(a) Row, Column Horizontal
(b) Column, Row
(c) Row Horizontal, Column Vertical
(d) Column, Row horizontal
(iv) Mohan is suffering from paranoid personality disorder, may exhibit the symptoms of
(a) Detached
(b) Extremely nervous
(c) Impulsive actions
(d) Indifferent
(v) Which of the following is not a type of entrepreneur?
(a) Service entrepreneurs
(b) Last generation entrepreneurs
(c) Industrial entrepreneurs
(d) First-generation entrepreneurs
(vi) In a steel factory, a lot of utensils are being made. The manager finds a number of defective pieces, which have to be discarded. How can the person minimize the waste?
(a) Give it to kabaadiwala or scrap dealer
(b) Dump it in a landfill site
(c) Send it back to the production line to be melted
(d) Burn it
2. Answer any 5 out of the given 7 questions. 5 × 1 = 5
(i) Identify the instrument that is used to separate solution or mixture into sediment and supernatant by using required speed.
(a) Microscope
(b) Centrifuge
(c) Cell counter
(d) Coagulation analyser
(ii) They are specialized couches so that the donor feels comfortable while blood donation. Generally, there is a provision for giving a head low position when the blood donor is having giddiness. Name this couch.
(a) Blood collection couch
(b) Blood donor couch
(c) Blood donation couch
(d) Blood donor bed
(iii) During FNAC procedure, aspiration is done by using needles of X gauge, attached to Y ml syringe.
(a) X-20, Y – 30
(b) X-22, Y – 15
(c) X-21, Y – 20
(d) X-30, Y – 22
(iv) Mention the temperature range maintained for blood storage cabinet.
(a) 2 °C to 6 °C
(b) 16 °C to 20 °C
(c) 26 °C to 30 °C
(d) 20 °C to 25 °C
(v) How can the Respiratory tract malignancies be detected?
(a) Only by Sputum Cytology
(b) Only by Bronchoscopic Material
(c) Both by Sputum Cytology and Bronchoscopic Material
(d) By Buccal Smear
(vi) All models of equipment used for storage of blood feature integrated control panel with A and B. Choose the correct option.
(a) A-digital temperature indicator cum controller, B-temperature recorder.
(b) A-temperature recorder, B-digital temperature indicator cum controller.
(c) A-temperature recorder, B-digital temperature indicator.
(d) A-temperature indicator, B-digital speed indicator.
(vii) Which salt produces some changes in RBC parameters like an increase in MCV and a decrease in PCV when used as part of EDTA?
(a) Dipotassium salt
(b) Tripotassium salt
(c) Sodium salt
(d) Disodium salt
3. Answer any 6 out of the given 7 questions. 6 × 1 = 6
(i) A student is given the following constituents, and the student has to prepare Wright's Stain. Stain Powder: X gms. Acetone-free Methyl alcohol: Y ml. The solution is allowed to stand for few days before using. Identify the values of X and Y.
(a) X-1.2 gms, Y-80.0 ml
(b) X-0.2 gms, Y-100.0 ml
(c) X-2.0 gms, Y-120.0 ml
(d) X-20 gms, Y-80.0 ml
(ii) An autoclave is used to sterilize various materials in the laboratory by
(a) Cooling sterilization method
(b) Fire sterilization method
(c) Steam sterilization method
(d) Chemical sterilization method
(iii) Why is the Pap Smear advantageous in diagnostic procedure?
A. It is painless and simple.
B. Does not cause bleeding and no need of anesthesia.
C. Can detect cancer and pre-cancer.
D. Can identify non-specific and specific inflammation.
E. Can be carried out as an inpatient procedure.
F. Is very expensive and can be done in tertiary hospital only.
Find out the correct statements.
(a) A, B, C, D
(b) B, C, D, E
(c) C, D, E, F
(d) A, B, E, F
(iv) Match the following (Column A with Column B) :
Column A Column B
A. RBC Diluting Fluid i. Formol Citrate Solution
B. WBC Diluting Fluid ii. Gower's Solution
C. Platelet Diluting Fluid iii. Turks Diluting Fluid
iv. Buffer Water
(a) A-iv, B-i, C-ii
(b) A-ii, B-iii, C-i
(c) A-ii, B-iv, C-i
(d) A-iii, B-ii, C-iv
(v) Humans have A chromosomes, in which B pairs are autosomes and C set of sex chromosomes. Identify A, B, and C.
(a) A-46, B-22, C-1
(b) A-48, B-22, C-4
(c) A-46, B-21, C-4
(d) A-44, B-22, C-2
(vi) ____ is defined as clumping of particles that have antigen on their surface and is brought about by antibodies. This forms the basis of blood grouping tests.
(a) Agglutination
(c) Precipitation
(b) Haemolysis
(d) Homeostasis
(vii) Why is it important to fix the cytological specimens after collection? 1
(a) For proper drying of cellular components
(b) For proper preservation of cellular components
(c) For proper identification of cellular components
(d) For proper visualization of cellular components
4. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions. 5 × 1 = 5
(i) An increase in erythrocyte count is called
(a) Leucopenia
(b) Leukocytosis
(c) Erythrocytosis
(d) Thrombocytosis
(ii) During staining procedure, which chemical is used as dehydrant?
(a) Alcohol
(b) Acid Solution
(c) Alkaline Solution
(d) Acetone
(iii) One lady with B blood group is married to a man with A Blood group. Mention the blood group the baby can have.
(a) Only AB
(b) Only A or Only B
(c) A, B, AB, and O
(d) Only O
(iv) One patient is suffering from anaemia. When she visits doctor, she is told to test for complete blood count. As a result, it is shown that her MCV value is more than 100 fl. What kind of anaemia is she suffering from?
(a) Microcytic – Iron deficiency anaemia
(b) Microcytic – Megaloblastic anaemia
(c) Macrocytic – B12 and Folate Deficiency
(d) Macrocytic – Iron deficiency anaemia
(v) After preliminary visualization and cleaning of cervix, a sterile cannula is introduced into the uterine cavity, and aspiration is then carried out with a syringe. The specimen is squirted on a clean glass slide, gently spread, and rapidly fixed. What kind of smear can you prepare by this process?
(a) Endometria aspiration smear
(b) Vaginal pool smear
(c) Vaginal smear
(d) Vaginal aspiration smear
(vi) Pleural fluid can be aspirated in Exfoliative cytology from the organ of
(a) Heart
(b) Lungs
(c) Kidneys
(d) Liver
5. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions. 5 × 1 = 5
(i) Anti-I antibody is usually a cold antibody, occasionally reacts at 37 °C to cause
(a) Haemolytic disease of newborn
(b) Genetic disease of newborn
(c) Lactose intolerance in newborn
(d) Precipitation disease of newborn
(ii) In complete blood count, what is the normal range of lymphocytes?
(a) 1-6%
(b) 5-10%
(c) 20-40%
(d) 12-18%
(iii) Which kind of smear should not be recommended for Aerosol sprays during fixation and why?
(a) Bloody smear as aerosol sprays cause clumping of erythrocytes.
(b) Sputum smear as aerosol sprays causes clumping of cells.
(c) CSF smear as aerosol sprays causes clumping of leukocytes.
(d) Bloody smear as aerosol sprays cause clumping of leukocytes.
(iv) The Rh genes are found to reside on _____, and they behave as autosomal dominant characters.
(a) Chromosome 1
(b) Chromosome 15
(d) Chromosome 14
(c) Chromosome 19
(v) The production of blood cells from ___ is called Haematopoiesis.
(a) Haematopoietic stem cells
(b) Cytokines
(c) Natural killer cell
(d) Helper T cells
(vi) Triple smear can be made by VCE technique. What does VCE stand for?
(a) Vagina-Cell-Elimination technique
(b) Vagina-Cervical-Endocervical technique
(c) Vertical-Cellular-Elimination technique
(d) Vertical-Cervical-Endocervical technique
6. Answer any 5 out of the given 6 questions. 5 x 1 = 5
(i) When any blood vessel is ruptured in our body, injury to blood vessel starts repair mechanism, which is called as
(a) thrombocytosis
(b) thrombogenesis
(c) thrombocytopenia
(d) leukopenia
(ii) The A, B antigens are ____.
(a) lipids
(b) carbohydrates
(c) glycoproteins
(d) lipoproteins
(iii) Each molecule of haemoglobin has X polypeptide chains, each chain having Y heme groups. Identify X and Y.
(a) X-Five, Y-Two
(b) X-Three, Y-Three
(c) X-Four, Y-One
(d) X-Two, Y-Three
(iv) This fixative was originally recommended by Papanicolaou. It consists of equal parts of ether and 95% ethyl alcohol. It is an excellent fixative, but ether is not used in most laboratories because of its safety hazards, odor, and hygroscopic nature. Identify the Routine fixative.
(a) Ether alcohol mixture
(b) Ether alkaline mixture
(c) Ether acid mixture
(d) Ether-acetone mixture
(v) Immune antibodies are ______. They develop due to immunization following pregnancy, previous transfusion, or deliberate injection of immunogenic material.
(a) Ig M
(b) Ig G
(c) Ig E
(d) Ig F
(vi) Nucleic acids of the nuclei are (i)… and stain blue. Haemoglobin is basic and thus (ii) , staining red.
(a) (i) – basophilic, (ii)— acidophilic
(b) (i) – acidophilic, (ii) – basophilic
(c) (i) – hydrophilic, (ii) — lipidophilic
(d) (i) – acidophilic, (ii) – hydrophilic
Section B
(Subjective Type Questions)
Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions on Employability Skills in 20-30 words each. 3×2=6
7. Find out the Verb and Adverb from the given sentence: She always watches football match.
Ans: Verb: watches, adverb: always
8. Suggest any two techniques that can help us to maintain a positive outlook in the long run.
Ans: Physical exercise and fresh air, a Healthy diet, Organise academic life, Adequate sleep, Holidays with family and friends. (any two)
9. Write the procedure of inserting clipart and images in presentation.
Ans: The steps to insert a clipart or an image are as follows.
- 1. Click on Insert from the menu.
- 2. Select Image.
- 3. An Insert Image dialog box appears.
- 4. Browse through folders and select the image you want to use.
- 5. Click on Open.
10. Give four characteristics of entrepreneurship.
Ans: Characteristics of entrepreneurship.
- It is an economic activity done to create, develop, and maintain a profit-oriented organisation.
- It begins with identifying an opportunity as a potential to sell and make a profit in the market.
- It deals with optimisation in the utilisation of resources.
- It is the ability of an enterprise and an entrepreneur to take risks.
11. List some ways by which we can reduce the amount of waste generated.
Ans:
- Reusing scrap material
- Ensuring quality control
- Waste exchange
- Managing e-waste
- Use of eco-friendly material
Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions in 20-30 words each. 3 x 2 = 6
12. Enumerate four phenotypes of Lewis System.
Ans: The phenotypes are, Le (a+b+), Le (a-b+), Le (a+b-), Le (a-b-)
13. In which clinical conditions Neutrophilia and Neutropenia can be seen?
Ans: Neutrophilia: Acute infections, Acute blood loss, Corticosteroid therapy, Chronic myeloid leukemia, Pregnancy, or Heavy exercise.
Neutropenia: Viral infections, e.g.measles, dengue, etc, Suppression of bone marrow by irradiation or by drugs, Aplastic anaemia, megaloblastic anaemia, etc.
14. How can you deal with hemorrhagic fluids in laboratory?
Ans: Hemorrhagic fluids are centrifuged like all fluids, and fish-tailed smears are made
from the sediment of the centrifuged deposit. Alternatively, if very hemorrhagic, smears can be air dried and then flooded with normal saline for 30 seconds. This causes layers of red cells, smears are then air dried or wet fixed and stained by pap and Giemsa stains, respectively.
15. In autoimmune disorders (like SLE), antinuclear antibodies appear in the serum of the patient. Is this helpful or harmful for the patient? Justify the statement.
Ans: These are harmful to the patient. They can enable disease processes by targeting the body’s own tissues and attacking the nucleus of the cells. This causes inflammation and tissue damage.
16. What is the difference between Bombay Blood Group and a Para Bombay Blood Group?
Ans: In Bombay blood group, the red cells appear to be group O, but their serum contains a powerful antibody reacting with all other red cells except those of the same group. The cells do not contain the H antigen. Individuals having the H antigen show a weak A or weak B due to partial suppression, is called Ah-Bh phenotype or Para Bombay blood group.
Answer any 2 out of the given 3 questions in 30-50 words each. 2 × 3 = 6
17. Enumerate the common sites for exfoliative cytology in case of sample collection of Surface Epithelia.
Ans: Surface Epithelia
(a) Female genital tract
(b) Respiratory tract
(c) Nasopharynx
(d) Larynx
(e) Gastrointestinal tract
(f) Urinary tract
(g) Nipple discharge
18. In which clinical situations can eosinophilia be seen?
Ans: Some conditions in which eosinophilia is seen :
1. Allergic reactions
2. Parasitic infections.
3. Brucellosis
4. Certain Leukemias.
19. What are the main causes of false-positive results in Agglutination reaction?
Ans: There are many causes for false-positive Agglutination reactions, such as :
- 1. Autoagglutination
- 2. Bacterial contamination
- 3. Polyagglutination
- 4. Chemicals, e.g., detergents
- 5. Cell mixtures
- 6. Leukocytosis, ie, WBC count
- 7. Rouleaux formation-caused by:
- (i) Presence of large molecular weight substances e.g., fibrinogen, dextran, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
- (ii) Abnormal proteins-e.g., multiple myeloma.
Answer any 3 out of the given 5 questions in 50-80 words each. 3 x 4 = 12
20. How incubator and Hot air Oven can play an important role in Blood Bank?
Ans: Incubators are mainly used for
- 1. Determination of enzymes in the specimen by endpoint reaction methods.
- 2. Determination of glucose, urea, uric acid, etc., by enzymatic methods.
- 3. Growing microorganisms on various culture media.
- 4. The right temperature for the immune antigen reaction.
A hot air oven is mainly used for the following purposes.
- 1. Dry sterilization of syringes & needles.
- 2. Preparation of anticoagulated bulbs.
- 3. Drying of glassware.
- 4. Heating of chemicals used for the preparation of primary standards.
21. Describe the methods of making a good blood film.
Ans: EDTA blood or fresh blood without any anticoagulant can be used for making blood films.
One should make blood films as soon as possible after the collection of blood.
- Clean glass slides (75mm x 25mm and around 1 mm in thickness) are taken, and a drop of blood is put on the slide about 1cm from one end in the centre line of the slide.
- A spreader is then placed in front of the drop. At an angle of 300 to the slide.
- The spreader is then moved back so that the drop of blood spreads out along the line of contact.
- Next, the Spreader is moved forward with steady movement so that a film about 3 cm in length is made.
22. How can you use coating fixatives in Laboratory?
Ans: Coating fixatives are either aerosols applied by spraying or a liquid base, which is poured onto the slide. They are composed of an alcohol base, which fixes the cells, and a wax-like substance, which forms a thin protective coating over the cells, e.g., Carbowax (Polyethylene Glycol) fixative. Diaphine fixative Spray coating fixative (Hairspray) with high alcohol content and a minimum of lanolin or oil is also an effective fixative.
- 10 to 12 inches is the optimum distance recommended for aerosol fixative.
- Aerosol sprays are not recommended for bloody smears because they cause clumping of erythrocytes.
- Before staining, the slides have to be kept overnight in 95% alcohol for the removal of the coating fixative.
23. Enumerate the equipment used for blood component preparation. Write their roles in brief.
Ans: Equipment for blood component preparation:
- Electronic weighing machine
- Refrigerated centrifuge
- Plasma expressor
- Cell separator
- Sterile connecting device
a. Electronic weighing machine: for weighing the bags accurately.
b. Refrigerated centrifuge: a bucket-handle type of centrifuge to hold the collected bags with a provision for a wide range of temperatures is preferred.
The main unit is built on a sturdy metal frame resting on castors and enclosed by sheet metal, which has an electrical interlock. Rotor consists of 4 to 6 buckets.
24. When you are working in the laboratory, you have to use microscope with utmost care. How can you do this?
Ans: A Microscope helps us to examine tiny objects that cannot be visualized with the naked
eye. It is a delicate instrument and needs utmost care.
- a) Cleaning of the objective and eyepiece should be done regularly, and they should be kept free from dust. The optical part is cleaned to remove grease using a soft cloth or lens paper.
- b) Hold the microscope firmly while moving it to prevent the lenses from dropping down.
- c) Exposure to sunlight should be avoided, and it should be kept at room temperature.
- d) After one uses oil immersion, one must always clean the oil from the objective.
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